一、不一致性分析

 （1）不一致性的定義

  鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)是指同(tong)(tong)一(yi)規格型號的(de)(de)單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)后(hou)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、容量、內阻、壽(shou)命、溫度(du)影響、自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率等參數(shu)存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)差(cha)別。單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)制造出來后(hou)，初始(shi)性(xing)能(neng)本身存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)定差(cha)異。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用，這(zhe)些性(xing)能(neng)差(cha)異不(bu)斷累(lei)積，同(tong)(tong)時由于(yu)各單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)內的(de)(de)使(shi)用環境(jing)不(bu)完全相同(tong)(tong)，也導致(zhi)了單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)逐步放大(da)，從而加速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性(xing)能(neng)衰(shuai)減，并最終引發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)過早(zao)失效(xiao)。

 (2)不一致性的(de)表現(xian)

 鋰離子電池(chi)不一致性(xing)主要表(biao)現(xian)在兩個方(fang)面：電池(chi)單體性(xing)能(neng)參數(shu)(電池(chi)容(rong)量、內阻和自(zi)放電率等)的(de)(de)差異和電池(chi)荷電狀態(tai)(SOC)的(de)(de)差異。

 (3)不一(yi)致(zhi)性的成因(yin)

 鋰離子電(dian)池出現不一致性問題的(de)原因很多，主要是(shi)在制(zhi)造(zao)過程(cheng)和使用過程(cheng)中(zhong)產生的(de)。制(zhi)造(zao)過程(cheng)的(de)每(mei)個環節例如(ru)配料(liao)時漿料(liao)的(de)均勻度(du)、涂布(bu)時面密度(du)及表面張力的(de)控制(zhi)等都會造(zao)成(cheng)單體電(dian)池性能(neng)的(de)差異。

  二、提高電池一致性的方法

 （1）生(sheng)產過程的控制(zhi)

  生產過程的控制主要從原材料和生產工藝兩方面進行。原材料方面盡量選取同一批次的原材料，保證原材料顆粒大小、性能的一致性。生產工藝上要對整個生產過程進行嚴格的調控，例如保證漿料攪拌均勻、不長時間放置，控制涂布機的走速保證涂布的厚度、均勻度，極片外觀檢查、稱重分檔，控制注液量及化成、分容、儲存條件等。

 （2）配(pei)組過(guo)程(cheng)的控制

  配(pei)組(zu)過(guo)程的(de)控制主要(yao)是指對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行分選，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)采(cai)用統一(yi)規格、型(xing)號的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，并且要(yao)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)壓、容(rong)量(liang)、內阻等(deng)進(jin)行測(ce)定，保(bao)證電(dian)池(chi)(chi)初始性能的(de)一(yi)致性。

 （3）使用(yong)和維護(hu)過程的控制

  對(dui)電池(chi)(chi)進行實(shi)時(shi)監控(kong)。配組時(shi)對(dui)電池(chi)(chi)進行一致性(xing)篩選，可保證在(zai)電池(chi)(chi)組使用(yong)初期的一致性(xing)。在(zai)使用(yong)過程中(zhong)如果想要了(le)解電池(chi)(chi)的一致性(xing)，就(jiu)需要對(dui)電池(chi)(chi)進行實(shi)時(shi)監控(kong)。通過實(shi)時(shi)監控(kong)對(dui)極端參數電池(chi)(chi)進行及時(shi)調整或更換，能夠保證電池(chi)(chi)組良性(xing)運轉(zhuan)。

 （4）引入均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)管理系(xi)統。采用(yong)適當的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)(lve)和均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)電(dian)路對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)進行智能(neng)管理。目前常(chang)見的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)(lve)包(bao)括基于外電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)(lve)、基于SOC的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)(lve)和基于容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)(lve)。而均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)電(dian)路按能(neng)量(liang)(liang)消(xiao)耗方式可以分為被動均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)和主(zhu)動均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)。其中(zhong)主(zhu)動均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)能(neng)夠實現電(dian)池(chi)間的(de)(de)無損能(neng)量(liang)(liang)流動，是國內外研(yan)究的(de)(de)熱點(dian)。主(zhu)動均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)方法有電(dian)池(chi)旁路法、開(kai)關電(dian)容法、開(kai)關電(dian)感法、DC/DC變換法等。

 （5）對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行熱管(guan)理(li)。對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行熱管(guan)理(li)除了盡量將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)溫度(du)保(bao)(bao)持在最優的(de)(de)(de)范圍之(zhi)內，還要盡量保(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)間(jian)溫度(du)條件的(de)(de)(de)一致(zhi)，從而有效的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)性能一致(zhi)性。采(cai)用合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)控制策略。在輸出功率允許的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，盡量減小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)，同時，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命(ming)。加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)維護。間(jian)隔一定時間(jian)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)進(jin)行小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維護性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，還要注意清(qing)潔。

  三、鋰離子電池配組方法

 （1）電壓配組法

  電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)可分為靜(jing)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)和(he)動態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)。靜(jing)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)又叫做空載(zai)(zai)配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)，不(bu)帶負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，只(zhi)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身，測量被篩選單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在靜(jing)置(zhi)數十天(tian)后滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)貯(zhu)存(cun)的自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率以及滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)下(xia)不(bu)同貯(zhu)存(cun)期內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，此(ci)方法(fa)操作(zuo)最(zui)簡單(dan)，但不(bu)準(zhun)確。動態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配(pei)(pei)組法(fa)考(kao)(kao)察帶負(fu)載(zai)(zai)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓情況(kuang)，但沒有考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)變化等(deng)因素，因此(ci)也(ye)不(bu)準(zhun)確。

 （2）靜態容量配組法

  在設定(ding)的(de)條件下對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充放(fang)電(dian)，由(you)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流和放(fang)電(dian)時間(jian)來計算容量，按容量大小對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行配組(zu)。這種方法(fa)簡(jian)便易行，但(dan)它只能(neng)(neng)反映電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在特定(ding)條件容量相同，不能(neng)(neng)說明電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)完整工作特性，有一定(ding)的(de)局限性。

 （3）內阻配組法(fa)

  主要考慮(lv)單體電池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)，這種方法能(neng)夠實現快速(su)測量，但是(shi)因(yin)為電池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)會隨(sui)放(fang)電過(guo)程的(de)(de)進行而改(gai)變，要進行內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)的(de)(de)準確測定有一定的(de)(de)難度。

 （4）多(duo)參數(shu)配組法

  同時考慮容量、內阻、電(dian)壓、自放電(dian)率等多(duo)個外部(bu)條件對電(dian)池綜合評定(ding)，可(ke)以分(fen)選(xuan)出一致(zhi)性較好的電(dian)池組(zu)。但這種方法的前提是單參數分(fen)選(xuan)時要(yao)準(zhun)確，同時耗時過長。

 （5）動態(tai)特性配組法

  動態(tai)特(te)(te)性配(pei)組法是利用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充放電(dian)(dian)特(te)(te)性曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)來分選電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行配(pei)組。充放電(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)能夠體現電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大部分特(te)(te)性，利用動態(tai)特(te)(te)性配(pei)組法能夠保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)各(ge)種性能指標的(de)(de)(de)一致性。動態(tai)特(te)(te)性配(pei)組法數據多，通常(chang)采用計算(suan)機程序(xu)配(pei)合(he)實(shi)現。此(ci)外，這(zhe)種方(fang)法電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)組利用率降低(di)，不利于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組成本的(de)(de)(de)降低(di)。標準曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)或基準曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)確(que)定也是其實(shi)施過程中的(de)(de)(de)難點。

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